Patthra Pengthamkeerati
Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
Phatchariya Welutung
Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
Keywords: Biomass fly ash, Green synthesis, Mother liqour recycling, ZSM-5
Abstract
The effects of synthesis conditions, silica derived from biomass fly ash, and mother liquor recycling on the synthesis of ZSM-5 were investigated using both hydrothermal and clear solution methods. The synthesis of ZSM-5 from TEOS was optimized using a hydrothermal autoclave reactor and reflux assisted by microwave treatment, revealing that the combined reflux–microwave approach significantly enhances crystallization, resulting in high-quality ZSM-5. In contrast, reduced synthesis time and milder conditions (e.g., lower pressure) proved ineffective, highlighting the need for more rigorous conditions to promote zeolite formation. For biomass fly ash-derived silica, two distinct molar ratios were tested, demonstrating that the ratio 25Si:1Al:9TPAOH:0. 16NaOH:495H2O:100EtOH was more effective than 1Al2O3:40SiO2:0.2TPAOH, which produced a mixture of silicalite-1 and amorphous phases. Recycling the mother liquor from ZSM-5 synthesis yielded comparable product quantities and preserved well-defined crystallinity, although excess sodium ions reduced yields. Scanning electron microscopy showed that recycling resulted in smaller, well-dispersed crystals, suggesting enhanced nucleation and crystal growth. Overall, this study highlights the critical role of synthesis conditions and precursor selection in the efficient, resource-conscious production of ZSM-5 from biomass waste.
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